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''This article discusses the general topic of housekeeping genes. For a list of housekeeping genes that should be used as reference standards please see reference genes '' In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions.〔 Although some housekeeping genes (such as LDHA,〔 NONO,〔 PGK1,〔 PPIH,〔) are expressed at relatively constant levels in most non-pathological situations, other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. In a study involving cardiac stem cells, ACTB and GAPDH were found to be the most consistent (although recent data now suggests otherwise), while β2M, HPRT1, and RPLP1 varied significantly between neonatal and adult cardiac cells. The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically tRNA and rRNA. Interpreting gene expression data can be problematic, with most human genes registering 5-10 copies per cell (possibly representing error). Housekeeping genes are expressed in at least 25 copies per cell and sometimes number in the thousands. Commonly used housekeeping genes are LDHA,〔 NONO,〔 PGK1,〔 PPIH,〔 The following represent genes that should probably not be used for reference purposes: GUSB, RPLP0,〔 and TFRC.〔 GAPDH, HSP90, and β-actin. Although they were once considered as "housekeeping genes," recent data suggests that they are not as reliable as once thought. Although the terms "housekeeping genes" and "reference genes" are used somewhat interchangeably, caution must be used in selecting genes for reference purposes. ==Common housekeeping genes in human== The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete list see (list ) compiled by Eli Eisenberg and Erez Lavanon.〔 Entries that appear without a reference are from this updated list from 2013. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「housekeeping gene」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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